Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel –head of Committee on Public Information, employed 150,000 wokers at home and overseas, sent out 75,000 “four minute men” to give patriotic speeches
Bernard Baruch-head of War Industries board, lone edge stockspeculator , feeble formal powers, disbanded after a few days
Henry Cabot Lodge-chairman of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, hated Wilson, clashed often with him, wanted to “Americanize” the Treaty of Versailles
James M. Cox –Democratic nomination in 1920 election, Franklin Roosevelt-VP candidate, supported the League
Self-Determination –the right of a country to choose their own kind of government
Collective security- an arrangement where the security of one region is the concern of another’s
Normalcy-not Wilsonian idealism or imperialism, did not want to be entangled with other countries’ affairs
Zimmerman Note- German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote in his note that he advocated an alliance with Mexico and tempting them of getting back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Angered many Americans.
Fourteen Points –Wilson’s points that he wanted to be included in the Treaty of Versailles but only 4 were actually honored on the treaty
League of Nations – Wilson’s plan to have an assembly of all the nations and a council controlled by the great power
Committee on Public Information-headed by Creel-mobilized people’s minds, propaganda in form of posters, billboards, leaflets, movies, etc.
Espionage and Sedition Acts –any criticism of government could be censored and punished, did not want to hinder the war effort, limited freedom of speech
Industrial Workers of the World-“Wobblies”, engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage, worked in the worst conditions, persecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts
War Industries Board –supposed to put order to economic confusion, headed by Baruch, disbanded after the armistice
Nineteenth Amendment – gave women the right to vote, women’s suffrage
Irreconcilables – those who were against the Treaty of Versailles, militant isolationists, Sen. William Borah and “Hiram Johnson”
Treaty of Versailles- the treaty that settled WWI, vengeance towards Germany, League of Nations
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
-Zimmerman note showed that Germany was willing to wage war with America with an alliance with Mexico.
-“overt” attacks in Atlantic: German submarines sank four unarmed American merchant vessels in March
-Russian regime of tsars collapsed under revolution, America could fight for democracy without worry of Russian depostism
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
-“to make the world safe for democracy”-entranced and hypnotized the country into fighting the war
-showed that America was not selfish like the other Allies and shined with altruism
-America didn’t fight for the riches or the territory but wanted to mold an international order where democracy can prevail
-really effective in getting Americans to be convinced to go to war
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
-eliminate secret treaties (liberals were happy over this)
-freedom of the sea (Germans and Americans can benefit, distrustful of Britain
-eliminate economic barriers between nations
-reduce armament burdens (taxpayers happy)
-adjust the colonial claims of the native peoples and the colonizers
-led the way to national independence for “subject peoples”
-independence to oppressed minorities
-League of Nations
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
-George Creed headed the Committee on Public Information-sell the idea of war to America
-Creel organization employed 150,000 workers at home and overseas
-75,000 “four minute men” gave patriotic speeches
-posters, leaflets, billboards propaganda
-movies: The Kaiser, The Beast of Berlin, To Hell with the Kaiser – glorified Americans, denounced Germans
-songs: George Cohan’s song “Over there”
-war effort based on aroused passion and voluntary action but Wilson sold to be a god and then the world became disappointed in the end
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
-Espionage act and Sedition Act forced loyalty: punish those against the war effort, like the antiwar Socialists and the radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
-Eugene V. Debs sent to prison for 10 years, IWW leader William D. Haywood and 91 associates tried
-criticism of government censored and punished
-Schneck v. United States: supreme court argued that freedom of speech could be revoked if it presented a danger to the country
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
-Ignorance: no knew how much steel and gunpowder they could make
-fear of big government to control the economy
-many did not want to give up their old ways
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
-“work or fight”-unemployed men would face being drafted, discouraged strikes
-National War Labor Board-stop labor disputes, demanded employers to grant concessions to labor-high wages, 8 hour work day
-American Federation of Labor-supported war
-Industrial workers of the world-against war, sabotaged industry, victims of shabby working conditions
-African American strikebreakers called in to work to substitute strikers
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
-thousands of females went to factories to work for the spots that men left behind
-National Women’s party: against war effort, pacifists
-National American Woman Suffrage Association: supported war, women should take part in war to promote peace
-gained suffrage in 1920 with the 19th amendment
-Women’s Bureau: emerged in Department of Labor to protect women in work place
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
-Herbert Hoover gave out propaganda in posters, billboards, newspapers, pulpits, movies – promoted Food Administration
-wheatless Wednesdays, meatless Tuesdays
-Fuel Administration- save fuel, heatless Mondays, Lightless nights, gasless Sundays
-German Americans forced to sign bonds or else housed painted yellow and harassed
-took over railroads, and merchant ships
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
-fair and effective: called for all males of ages 18-45, couldn’t call a “draft dodger”
-only men in key industries like shipbuilding were exempted
-fair because all classes included, no one excluded
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
-5,000 troops to Allied invasion of northern Russia at Archangel to keep the munitions from falling into German hands
-take back military supplies from Bolshevik control
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
-thrown into middle of battle at Chateau-Thierry, provided energy and enthusiasm
-participated in Foch’s counteroffensive in Second Battle of the Marne-beginning of German withdrawal
-St. Miliel-pushed Germans back with 9 american divisions
-General Pershing-assigned 85 mile front, army took Meuse-Argonne offensive, cut railroad lines from feeding western front
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
-Wilson made it clear that the kaiser had to be overthrown before an armistice could be negotiated
-war-weary Germans were convinced by Wilson to force the kaiser to flee to Holland
-idea of endless U.S. troops rather than the actual number that demoralized the Germans
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
-before the slogan was “Politics is Adjourned” – but Wilson appealed for a Democratic victory in congress but got a Republican majority
-republicans mad that Wilson went to Paris to negotiate peace
-snubbed senate in assembling his peace delegation
-didn’t put any Republicans in his party
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
-prevented vengeful parceling of former colonies: forced it through with Wilsonian idealism and imperialism
-victory over the diplomats with the League Covenant
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
-France wanted the Rhineland and the Saar Valley but Wilson made them settle with the Saar basin remaining under the League of Nations for fifteen years and then a popular vote would determine its fate
-Security Treaty: Britain and America promised come to France’s aid if Germany invaded
-had to compromise with Japan and let them keep Germany’s economic holdings in China’s Shandong and promised to return it later
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
-he had to compromise it to save his most valued point, The league of nations
-injustices in treaty but overlooked them so he could make his League of Nations
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
-public believed in isolationism, “entangling alliance”
-some thought it too harsh: a gross betrayal
-“hyphenated Americans”- German Americans, Italian Americans were especially mad because the treaty was extremely harsh to native lands
-irish Americans felt that the additional votes of the five British dominions would give Britain unfair influence
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
-Wilson wanted to make a grand speechmaking tour to try to appeal to the people over the Senate of the Treaty of Versailles as the Senate was split in confusion and apathy
-tour faced lukewarm reaction from the Midwest, b/c of German American influence; “irreconcilables” Borah and Johnson yelled to impeach him
-Rocky Mtn. Range and Pacific Coast- welcomed him
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
-Lodge made 14 new points to fix the Treaty of Versailles.
-Wilson did not like Lodge’s suggestions
-Wilson told Democrats to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations
-told them to either “take it” or “leave it” so Wilson decided to leave it
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
Republican candidate: Warren G. Harding , Democratic: James M. Cox
-Harding swept the vote with 16 million to 9 million
-public was tired of Wilson’s high and mighty attitude, idealism, do-goodism, moral overstrain
-wanted to go back to “normalcy”
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
-US failed to initiate the League of Nations
-structure of treaty based on the collaboration of the 4 powers
-denounced Security Act with France- france had to build its own military because the U.S. wanted to remain neutral. Germany began rising armies.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
-some said he was naïve, impractical dreamer b/c world was anarchic, unruly where only military should be used for nation’s security
-some said he was realistic b/c he knew that we couldn’t afford another war like this
George Creel –head of Committee on Public Information, employed 150,000 wokers at home and overseas, sent out 75,000 “four minute men” to give patriotic speeches
Bernard Baruch-head of War Industries board, lone edge stockspeculator , feeble formal powers, disbanded after a few days
Henry Cabot Lodge-chairman of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, hated Wilson, clashed often with him, wanted to “Americanize” the Treaty of Versailles
James M. Cox –Democratic nomination in 1920 election, Franklin Roosevelt-VP candidate, supported the League
Self-Determination –the right of a country to choose their own kind of government
Collective security- an arrangement where the security of one region is the concern of another’s
Normalcy-not Wilsonian idealism or imperialism, did not want to be entangled with other countries’ affairs
Zimmerman Note- German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote in his note that he advocated an alliance with Mexico and tempting them of getting back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Angered many Americans.
Fourteen Points –Wilson’s points that he wanted to be included in the Treaty of Versailles but only 4 were actually honored on the treaty
League of Nations – Wilson’s plan to have an assembly of all the nations and a council controlled by the great power
Committee on Public Information-headed by Creel-mobilized people’s minds, propaganda in form of posters, billboards, leaflets, movies, etc.
Espionage and Sedition Acts –any criticism of government could be censored and punished, did not want to hinder the war effort, limited freedom of speech
Industrial Workers of the World-“Wobblies”, engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage, worked in the worst conditions, persecuted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts
War Industries Board –supposed to put order to economic confusion, headed by Baruch, disbanded after the armistice
Nineteenth Amendment – gave women the right to vote, women’s suffrage
Irreconcilables – those who were against the Treaty of Versailles, militant isolationists, Sen. William Borah and “Hiram Johnson”
Treaty of Versailles- the treaty that settled WWI, vengeance towards Germany, League of Nations
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
-Zimmerman note showed that Germany was willing to wage war with America with an alliance with Mexico.
-“overt” attacks in Atlantic: German submarines sank four unarmed American merchant vessels in March
-Russian regime of tsars collapsed under revolution, America could fight for democracy without worry of Russian depostism
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
-“to make the world safe for democracy”-entranced and hypnotized the country into fighting the war
-showed that America was not selfish like the other Allies and shined with altruism
-America didn’t fight for the riches or the territory but wanted to mold an international order where democracy can prevail
-really effective in getting Americans to be convinced to go to war
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
-eliminate secret treaties (liberals were happy over this)
-freedom of the sea (Germans and Americans can benefit, distrustful of Britain
-eliminate economic barriers between nations
-reduce armament burdens (taxpayers happy)
-adjust the colonial claims of the native peoples and the colonizers
-led the way to national independence for “subject peoples”
-independence to oppressed minorities
-League of Nations
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
-George Creed headed the Committee on Public Information-sell the idea of war to America
-Creel organization employed 150,000 workers at home and overseas
-75,000 “four minute men” gave patriotic speeches
-posters, leaflets, billboards propaganda
-movies: The Kaiser, The Beast of Berlin, To Hell with the Kaiser – glorified Americans, denounced Germans
-songs: George Cohan’s song “Over there”
-war effort based on aroused passion and voluntary action but Wilson sold to be a god and then the world became disappointed in the end
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
-Espionage act and Sedition Act forced loyalty: punish those against the war effort, like the antiwar Socialists and the radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
-Eugene V. Debs sent to prison for 10 years, IWW leader William D. Haywood and 91 associates tried
-criticism of government censored and punished
-Schneck v. United States: supreme court argued that freedom of speech could be revoked if it presented a danger to the country
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
-Ignorance: no knew how much steel and gunpowder they could make
-fear of big government to control the economy
-many did not want to give up their old ways
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
-“work or fight”-unemployed men would face being drafted, discouraged strikes
-National War Labor Board-stop labor disputes, demanded employers to grant concessions to labor-high wages, 8 hour work day
-American Federation of Labor-supported war
-Industrial workers of the world-against war, sabotaged industry, victims of shabby working conditions
-African American strikebreakers called in to work to substitute strikers
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
-thousands of females went to factories to work for the spots that men left behind
-National Women’s party: against war effort, pacifists
-National American Woman Suffrage Association: supported war, women should take part in war to promote peace
-gained suffrage in 1920 with the 19th amendment
-Women’s Bureau: emerged in Department of Labor to protect women in work place
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
-Herbert Hoover gave out propaganda in posters, billboards, newspapers, pulpits, movies – promoted Food Administration
-wheatless Wednesdays, meatless Tuesdays
-Fuel Administration- save fuel, heatless Mondays, Lightless nights, gasless Sundays
-German Americans forced to sign bonds or else housed painted yellow and harassed
-took over railroads, and merchant ships
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
-fair and effective: called for all males of ages 18-45, couldn’t call a “draft dodger”
-only men in key industries like shipbuilding were exempted
-fair because all classes included, no one excluded
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
-5,000 troops to Allied invasion of northern Russia at Archangel to keep the munitions from falling into German hands
-take back military supplies from Bolshevik control
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
-thrown into middle of battle at Chateau-Thierry, provided energy and enthusiasm
-participated in Foch’s counteroffensive in Second Battle of the Marne-beginning of German withdrawal
-St. Miliel-pushed Germans back with 9 american divisions
-General Pershing-assigned 85 mile front, army took Meuse-Argonne offensive, cut railroad lines from feeding western front
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
-Wilson made it clear that the kaiser had to be overthrown before an armistice could be negotiated
-war-weary Germans were convinced by Wilson to force the kaiser to flee to Holland
-idea of endless U.S. troops rather than the actual number that demoralized the Germans
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
-before the slogan was “Politics is Adjourned” – but Wilson appealed for a Democratic victory in congress but got a Republican majority
-republicans mad that Wilson went to Paris to negotiate peace
-snubbed senate in assembling his peace delegation
-didn’t put any Republicans in his party
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
-prevented vengeful parceling of former colonies: forced it through with Wilsonian idealism and imperialism
-victory over the diplomats with the League Covenant
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
-France wanted the Rhineland and the Saar Valley but Wilson made them settle with the Saar basin remaining under the League of Nations for fifteen years and then a popular vote would determine its fate
-Security Treaty: Britain and America promised come to France’s aid if Germany invaded
-had to compromise with Japan and let them keep Germany’s economic holdings in China’s Shandong and promised to return it later
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
-he had to compromise it to save his most valued point, The league of nations
-injustices in treaty but overlooked them so he could make his League of Nations
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
-public believed in isolationism, “entangling alliance”
-some thought it too harsh: a gross betrayal
-“hyphenated Americans”- German Americans, Italian Americans were especially mad because the treaty was extremely harsh to native lands
-irish Americans felt that the additional votes of the five British dominions would give Britain unfair influence
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
-Wilson wanted to make a grand speechmaking tour to try to appeal to the people over the Senate of the Treaty of Versailles as the Senate was split in confusion and apathy
-tour faced lukewarm reaction from the Midwest, b/c of German American influence; “irreconcilables” Borah and Johnson yelled to impeach him
-Rocky Mtn. Range and Pacific Coast- welcomed him
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
-Lodge made 14 new points to fix the Treaty of Versailles.
-Wilson did not like Lodge’s suggestions
-Wilson told Democrats to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations
-told them to either “take it” or “leave it” so Wilson decided to leave it
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
Republican candidate: Warren G. Harding , Democratic: James M. Cox
-Harding swept the vote with 16 million to 9 million
-public was tired of Wilson’s high and mighty attitude, idealism, do-goodism, moral overstrain
-wanted to go back to “normalcy”
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
-US failed to initiate the League of Nations
-structure of treaty based on the collaboration of the 4 powers
-denounced Security Act with France- france had to build its own military because the U.S. wanted to remain neutral. Germany began rising armies.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
-some said he was naïve, impractical dreamer b/c world was anarchic, unruly where only military should be used for nation’s security
-some said he was realistic b/c he knew that we couldn’t afford another war like this