1) Jim Crow Laws created separate social arrangements that effect Af. Am. in what 3 ways?
The three separate social arrangements were keeping them insulated from whites, economically inferior, and politically powerless.
2) What examples does the book list to support this statement, “everywhere I go in the south the Negro is forced to choose between his hide and his soul”?
-Six black war veterans were murdered for claiming for their rights
-Emmett Till was lynched because he supposedly leered at white women
3) Who were Wendell Willkie and Gunnar Myrdal and what effect did they have.?
Wendell Willkie was the Republican nominee in the 1940 election and wrote the best seller One World which advocated a racially blind universalism. Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish scholar who published An American Dilemma which exposed the contradiction between American Creed and the nation's treatment of blacks.
4) How did WWII effect the attitudes of Af. Am.?
The war created a new militancy and restlessness among the blacks.
5) Who and what was the NAACP?
The NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and they sought to eliminate the legal underpinnings of segregation and succeeded. The "white primary" was ruled unconstitutional and weakened the Democratic party as a white's only club. Thurgood Marshall fought and won the case of Sweatt v. Painter in which the separation of professional schools for blacks failed its equality test.
6) Rosa Parks role in the Civil Rts movement?
A college educated black seamstress, Rosa Parks, took a seat in the "whites only" section of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and refused to give it up to a white man. This generated a yearlong black boycott of city buses and sent the message that the blacks would not stay submissive.
7) Who was Dr. King?
He was a young pastor at the Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church who fought for the rights of the downtrodden and the disfranchised. He used his biblical and constitutional principles and nonviolent ways of Gandhi to become a leader in the black revolution.
8) What was the “To Secure These Rights” report?
This was Truman's report that demanded the end to segregation in federal civil services and ordered equality in treatment and opportunity.
9) Brown v. Board of Edu
The justices in the Warren Court ruled that segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional and unequal. This decision repealed the old decision in the Plessy v. Ferguson case in which granted "separate but equal" facilities.
10) “Declaration of Constitutional Principles”
This document was signed by more than 100 southern congressional representatives and pledged their resistance to desegregation.
11) Ike and civil rits
Eisenhower didn't want to promote integration or use his power to teach racial justice. This is because he grew up only surrounded by whites with segregation as the socially accepted norm.
12) Little Rock Nine
Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus used the National guard to prohibit nine black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. Ike was forced to send troops to escort the children to their classes.
13) Civil Rights Act
Congress passed a very mild act to investigate the violations of civil rights and granted federal injunctions to uphold voting rights.
14) SCLC
This was led by Martin Luther King Jr. and combined the power of black churches on the behalf of black rights.
15) Sit ins
Four black college freshmen in Greensboro, North Carolina started the movement when the black waitress refused service to them at a white only restaurant. They stayed in their seats and this grew to the thousands by the end of the week. This movement spread throughout the South.
16) SNCC
This was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that was formed by black students to give more focus and force to these sit in efforts.
17) Kennedy –“with a stroke of a pen”
Kennedy advocated the elimination of racial discrimination "with a stroke of a pen" but it took him two years to do so.
18) Freedom rides
Freedom riders wanted to end segregation in facilities that served interstate bus passengers. A white mob burned a Freedom ride bus in Anniston, Alabama. General Robert Kennedy's personal representative, was beaten by an anti-Freedom riders mob. Washington had to give federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
19) Kennedy & MLK
Kennedy worked with MLK and the civil rights movement. He was at first worried about MLK's associates being communists but the relationship proved to be useful. He once had FBI director J. Edgar Hoover to tap MLK's phone.
20) Voter Edu project
Kennedy financially backed the SNCC and other civil rights groups to inaugurate this project which registered the South's historically disfranchised blacks.
21) James Meredith
He was a 29 year old air force veteran that faced great opposition to his registering in Oct. 1962. Kennedy had to send 400 federal marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him in his first class.
22) MLK in Birmingham
MLK began to work in Birmingham which was the most segregated city in America. Only 15% of the city's voters were black but half of the city's population was black. The peaceful demonstrators suffered great violence as they were repelled by the police with attack dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure water hoses.
23) MLK march to Washington
MLK led a march of 200000 black and white demonstrators to support legislation for civil rights. Here, MLK gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the Lincoln Memorial.
24) Civil rights Act 1964
This was passed by Johnson, but was originally proposed of by Kennedy. This banned racial discrimination in private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants.
25) Prevent af. Am. voting
In Missouri, only 5% of the eligible blacks were registered to vote.There were ballot-denying devices like the poll tax, literacy tests, and intimidation.
26) 24th amendment
This abolished poll tax in federal elections.
27) MLK in Selma
He campaigned for civil rights here because 50% of the population was black but only 1% of the voters were black. The police attacked King and his demonstrators with tear gas and whips in their peaceful marches.
28) Voting Rights act 1965
Johnson was horrified at the injustice that the blacks had to face. Thus, he made a speech in which he said we "must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice." This law banned literacy tests and sent federal voter reistrars into southern states.
29) Watts Riot
A violent riot exploded in the LA neighborhood of Watts five days after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed. Blacks, angered by police brutality, burned and looted their own neighborhood for a week. 31 blacks and 3 whites died in this chaos. This riot represented the new sense of violent urgency amongst blacks.
30) Malcolm X
His name comes from Elijah Muhammad who changed his surname to promote his lost identity. He advocated for black separatism against the "blue-eyed white devils." He was shot by a rival Nation of Islam gunman.
31) Black Panther Party
This party was publicly armed with weapons in Oakland, CA.
32) “burn, Baby burn”
The blacks began to start entire city riots where they would torch their own neighbors. The firefighters and police officers tried to restore order as the rebels shouted, "burn, baby, burn."
33) Not just a “southern” question.
At first, the northerners couldn't understand the idea of the anarchy in the South. Then, the blacks moved towards the North and brought their racial problems with them. This was now no longer just a "southern" question.
34) Death of MLK
He was shot by a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. He became a sort of martyr for justice and caused violence across the nation. The civil rights movement lost their main figure and inspirational leader in American history.
The three separate social arrangements were keeping them insulated from whites, economically inferior, and politically powerless.
2) What examples does the book list to support this statement, “everywhere I go in the south the Negro is forced to choose between his hide and his soul”?
-Six black war veterans were murdered for claiming for their rights
-Emmett Till was lynched because he supposedly leered at white women
3) Who were Wendell Willkie and Gunnar Myrdal and what effect did they have.?
Wendell Willkie was the Republican nominee in the 1940 election and wrote the best seller One World which advocated a racially blind universalism. Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish scholar who published An American Dilemma which exposed the contradiction between American Creed and the nation's treatment of blacks.
4) How did WWII effect the attitudes of Af. Am.?
The war created a new militancy and restlessness among the blacks.
5) Who and what was the NAACP?
The NAACP stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and they sought to eliminate the legal underpinnings of segregation and succeeded. The "white primary" was ruled unconstitutional and weakened the Democratic party as a white's only club. Thurgood Marshall fought and won the case of Sweatt v. Painter in which the separation of professional schools for blacks failed its equality test.
6) Rosa Parks role in the Civil Rts movement?
A college educated black seamstress, Rosa Parks, took a seat in the "whites only" section of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and refused to give it up to a white man. This generated a yearlong black boycott of city buses and sent the message that the blacks would not stay submissive.
7) Who was Dr. King?
He was a young pastor at the Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church who fought for the rights of the downtrodden and the disfranchised. He used his biblical and constitutional principles and nonviolent ways of Gandhi to become a leader in the black revolution.
8) What was the “To Secure These Rights” report?
This was Truman's report that demanded the end to segregation in federal civil services and ordered equality in treatment and opportunity.
9) Brown v. Board of Edu
The justices in the Warren Court ruled that segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional and unequal. This decision repealed the old decision in the Plessy v. Ferguson case in which granted "separate but equal" facilities.
10) “Declaration of Constitutional Principles”
This document was signed by more than 100 southern congressional representatives and pledged their resistance to desegregation.
11) Ike and civil rits
Eisenhower didn't want to promote integration or use his power to teach racial justice. This is because he grew up only surrounded by whites with segregation as the socially accepted norm.
12) Little Rock Nine
Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus used the National guard to prohibit nine black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School. Ike was forced to send troops to escort the children to their classes.
13) Civil Rights Act
Congress passed a very mild act to investigate the violations of civil rights and granted federal injunctions to uphold voting rights.
14) SCLC
This was led by Martin Luther King Jr. and combined the power of black churches on the behalf of black rights.
15) Sit ins
Four black college freshmen in Greensboro, North Carolina started the movement when the black waitress refused service to them at a white only restaurant. They stayed in their seats and this grew to the thousands by the end of the week. This movement spread throughout the South.
16) SNCC
This was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee that was formed by black students to give more focus and force to these sit in efforts.
17) Kennedy –“with a stroke of a pen”
Kennedy advocated the elimination of racial discrimination "with a stroke of a pen" but it took him two years to do so.
18) Freedom rides
Freedom riders wanted to end segregation in facilities that served interstate bus passengers. A white mob burned a Freedom ride bus in Anniston, Alabama. General Robert Kennedy's personal representative, was beaten by an anti-Freedom riders mob. Washington had to give federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
19) Kennedy & MLK
Kennedy worked with MLK and the civil rights movement. He was at first worried about MLK's associates being communists but the relationship proved to be useful. He once had FBI director J. Edgar Hoover to tap MLK's phone.
20) Voter Edu project
Kennedy financially backed the SNCC and other civil rights groups to inaugurate this project which registered the South's historically disfranchised blacks.
21) James Meredith
He was a 29 year old air force veteran that faced great opposition to his registering in Oct. 1962. Kennedy had to send 400 federal marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him in his first class.
22) MLK in Birmingham
MLK began to work in Birmingham which was the most segregated city in America. Only 15% of the city's voters were black but half of the city's population was black. The peaceful demonstrators suffered great violence as they were repelled by the police with attack dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure water hoses.
23) MLK march to Washington
MLK led a march of 200000 black and white demonstrators to support legislation for civil rights. Here, MLK gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the Lincoln Memorial.
24) Civil rights Act 1964
This was passed by Johnson, but was originally proposed of by Kennedy. This banned racial discrimination in private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants.
25) Prevent af. Am. voting
In Missouri, only 5% of the eligible blacks were registered to vote.There were ballot-denying devices like the poll tax, literacy tests, and intimidation.
26) 24th amendment
This abolished poll tax in federal elections.
27) MLK in Selma
He campaigned for civil rights here because 50% of the population was black but only 1% of the voters were black. The police attacked King and his demonstrators with tear gas and whips in their peaceful marches.
28) Voting Rights act 1965
Johnson was horrified at the injustice that the blacks had to face. Thus, he made a speech in which he said we "must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice." This law banned literacy tests and sent federal voter reistrars into southern states.
29) Watts Riot
A violent riot exploded in the LA neighborhood of Watts five days after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed. Blacks, angered by police brutality, burned and looted their own neighborhood for a week. 31 blacks and 3 whites died in this chaos. This riot represented the new sense of violent urgency amongst blacks.
30) Malcolm X
His name comes from Elijah Muhammad who changed his surname to promote his lost identity. He advocated for black separatism against the "blue-eyed white devils." He was shot by a rival Nation of Islam gunman.
31) Black Panther Party
This party was publicly armed with weapons in Oakland, CA.
32) “burn, Baby burn”
The blacks began to start entire city riots where they would torch their own neighbors. The firefighters and police officers tried to restore order as the rebels shouted, "burn, baby, burn."
33) Not just a “southern” question.
At first, the northerners couldn't understand the idea of the anarchy in the South. Then, the blacks moved towards the North and brought their racial problems with them. This was now no longer just a "southern" question.
34) Death of MLK
He was shot by a sniper in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968. He became a sort of martyr for justice and caused violence across the nation. The civil rights movement lost their main figure and inspirational leader in American history.